Stock market aur finance ke sabhi important terms aur definitions ko simple Hinglish me samjhein.
A
Alpha
Alpha se ye pata chalta hai ki kisi mutual fund ya stock ne market benchmark (jaise Nifty 50) ki tulna me kitna extra return diya hai. Positive alpha achhe performance ko darshata hai.
Annuity
Annuity ek financial contract hai jisme investor lump sum amount invest karta hai aur badle me use regular intervals (monthly/yearly) par guaranteed income milti hai.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
APR kisi loan ya investment par lagne wala saalana interest rate hota hai, jisme sabhi additional fees aur charges shamil hote hain.
Arbitrage
Arbitrage ka matlab hai do alag-alag markets me ek hi stock ke price difference ka fayda uthana. Jaise NSE par ₹100 me khareed kar BSE par ₹100.50 me bechna.
Ask Price
Ask Price (ya Sell Price) wo lowest price hota hai jis par koi seller apne stock ko bechne ke liye ready hota hai.
B
Bear Market
Jab stock market me continuous giraawat (downward trend) aati hai aur prices peak se 20% ya usse zyada gir jaate hain, toh use Bear Market kehte hain.
Beta
Beta stock ki volatility (risk) ko measure karta hai. Agar Beta 1 se zyada hai, toh stock market ke tulna me zyada tez move karta hai.
Bid Price
Bid Price wo highest price hota hai jo koi buyer kisi stock ko khareedne ke liye dene ko tayyar hota hai.
Blue Chip Stocks
Well-established, financially strong aur market leaders companies ke stocks ko Blue Chip stocks kaha jaata hai (jaise Reliance, TCS, HDFC Bank).
Brokerage
Stock broker dwara trading transactions execute karne ke badle me liya jaane wala commission ya charge Brokerage kehlata hai.
Bull Market
Jab stock market me continuous tezi (upward trend) aati hai aur stock prices लगातार badhte hain, toh use Bull Market kehte hain.
C
Call Option
Options trading me Call Option khareedne wale ko asset ko specific price par khareedne ka right milta hai. Ye bullish view ke liye use hota hai.
Capital Gains
Jab aap kisi asset ya stock ko uske purchase price se zyada price par bechte hain, toh hone wale profit ko Capital Gains kehte hain.
CMP (Current Market Price)
Stock exchange par live market me chal raha stock ka current trading price CMP kehlata hai.
Commodity Trading
Raw materials ya primary products (jaise Gold, Silver, Crude Oil, Natural Gas) ki buying aur selling ko Commodity Trading kehte hain.
D
Day Trading
Same day par stock khareedna aur bechna (market close hone se pehle) Day Trading ya Intraday Trading kehlata hai.
Debt-to-Equity Ratio
Ye ratio batata hai ki company ke paas kitna loan (debt) hai uske shareholders’ equity ke mukable. Low ratio better mana jaata hai.
Demat Account
Financial securities aur stocks ko electronic/digital format me store karne wale account ko Demat Account kehte hain.
Derivative
Ek financial contract jiski value kisi underlying asset (jaise stocks, indices, commodities) par depend karti hai. Example: Futures & Options.
Dividend
Company apne net profits ka ek hissa regular intervals par apne shareholders ko distribute karti hai, jise Dividend kehte hain.
E
EPS (Earnings Per Share)
Company ke total profit ko uske total outstanding shares se divide karne par EPS milta hai. High EPS company ke achhi profitability ko darshata hai.
Equity
Company me ownership stake ko Equity kehte hain. Equity shares khareedne par investor company ka part-owner ban jaata hai.
ETF (Exchange Traded Fund)
ETFs mutual funds ki tarah hote hain lekin inhein stock exchange par real-time stocks ki tarah buy/sell kiya ja sakta hai.
Ex-Dividend Date
Wo cutoff date jis din ya uske baad stock khareedne wale investor ko upcoming dividend ka benefit nahi milta.
F
FII (Foreign Institutional Investors)
Foreign hedge funds, pension funds aur insurance companies jo Indian stock market me bada investment karti hain.
Fundamental Analysis
Company ke financial statements, earnings, management, aur industry growth ko analyze karke stock ki intrinsic value nikalne ki process.
Futures Contract
Ek legal agreement jisme future me kisi fixed date par predefined price par stock buy ya sell karne ki commitment hoti hai.
G
GDP Impact on Market
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) country ki economic health batata hai. Higher GDP growth se corporate earnings badhti hain aur stock market upar jaata hai.
Growth Stocks
Aisi companies ke stocks jinki revenue aur earnings market average se zyada tez speed se badhne ki ummeed hoti hai.
GTT Order (Good Till Triggered)
Ek special order feature jisse aap 1 saal tak ki validity ke saath predetermined price par buy ya sell trigger set kar sakte hain.
H
Haircut in Margin
Pledged stocks ke badle margin lete waqt brokerdwara stock value me ki jaane wali percentage reduction (risk buffer).
Hedging
Portfolio ke potential losses ko kam karne ke liye opposite direction me position lene ki risk management technique (e.g., Put buying).
HNI (High Net-worth Individual)
Aise individual investors jo stock market ya IPOs me bada capital (aamtor par ₹2 Lakh se zyada) invest karte hain.
I
Index Fund
Aisa mutual fund jo kisi specific market index (jaise Nifty 50 ya Sensex) ko exact match aur track karta hai.
Inflation
Goods aur services ke daam badhne ki dar (mehangai rate), jisse currency ki purchasing power kam ho jaati hai.
Intraday Trading
Same trading session ke dauran stocks buy aur sell karke position zero kar dena.
IPO (Initial Public Offering)
Jab koi unlisted private company pehli baar public ko apne shares offer karke stock exchange par list hoti hai.
L
Large Cap Stocks
Top 100 financially stable companies jin ka market capitalization bohot bada (₹20,000 Crore+) hota hai.
Leverage
Broker dwara trading capital badhane ke liye diya jaane wala exposure/borrowed capital.
Limit Order
Wo order jisme trader apni pasand ka maximum buying price ya minimum selling price set karta hai.
Liquidity
Market me kisi stock ki easy availability, jisse bina price impact ke use quick buy/sell kiya ja sake.
M
Margin Call
Broker dwara trader ko diya gaya alert jab account balance required minimum margin limit se niche gir jaata hai.
Market Capitalization
Company ke total shares ki total market value (Total Shares × Current Stock Price).
Momentum Trading
Aisi trading strategy jisme active high volume aur strong price trend wale stocks ko ride kiya jaata hai.
Mutual Fund
Multiple investors se paisa collect karke professional fund managers dwara stocks aur bonds me invest karne wali scheme.
N
NAV (Net Asset Value)
Mutual fund scheme ke per-unit ki current market value.
NFO (New Fund Offer)
Asset Management Company (AMC) dwara launch ki jaane wali naye mutual fund scheme ki initial subscription.
Nifty 50
National Stock Exchange (NSE) ka benchmark index, jo top 50 diversified Indian companies ko represent karta hai.
O
Open Interest (OI)
Futures aur Options market me active derivative contracts ki total number of open positions.
Option Chain
Sabhi available strike prices par Calls aur Puts ke live Open Interest, Volume, aur Pricing ka tabular view.
OTM / ITM / ATM Options
Out-of-the-Money, In-the-Money, aur At-the-Money options ka classification unki intrinsic value aur spot price ke basis par.
P
PB Ratio (Price-to-Book)
Stock Price ko company ke per-share Book Value se compare karne wala valuation metric.
PE Ratio (Price-to-Earnings)
Stock valuation metric jo batata hai ki company ke ₹1 profit ke badle investor kitna price dene ko tayyar hai.
Portfolio Management
Risk aur return ko balance karte hue multi-asset investments ko strategically design aur manage karna.
Put Option
Option buyer ko underlying asset specific price par sell karne ka right deta hai. Ye bearish sentiment me use hota hai.
R
Resistance Level
Chart par wo price zone jaha selling pressure badhne se stock price ko upar jaane me hurdle milta hai.
ROE (Return on Equity)
Company ke shareholders’ equity par generate hone wali net profitability ka percentage metric.
RSI Indicator
Relative Strength Index ek momentum oscillator hai jo overbought (70+) aur oversold (30-) conditions measure karta hai.
S
SEBI
Securities and Exchange Board of India — Indian capital markets aur investors rights ki regulator authority.
Short Selling
Pehle un-owned stocks ko bechna aur baad me kam price par buyback karke price fall se profit kamana.
SIP (Systematic Investment Plan)
Mutual funds me regular intervals (monthly/quarterly) par disciplined fixed amount invest karne ki process.
Stop Loss
Trades me maximum risk limit set karne ke liye predefined auto-exit risk mitigation order.
Support Level
Chart par wo price zone jaha strong buying demand aane se stock price ka girna rukne ki sambhavna hoti hai.
T
T+1 Settlement
Trade execute hone ke 1 working day ke andar shares/funds ka investor account me credit hona.
Technical Analysis
Historical price charts, volume patterns, aur indicators ki madad se future price movement predict karna.
Trailing Stop Loss
Dynamic stop-loss order jo stock ke favorable movement ke saath-saath automatic shift hota rehta hai.
V
VIX (India VIX)
Volatility Index jo agle 30 dino me market me aane waale expected swings aur fear gauge ko darshata hai.
Volatility
Given time period me stock price me aane wale fluctuations ya fluctuations ki speed.
Volume
Specific time period me trade hone wale total shares ki count/quantity.
Y
Yearly High/Low (52-Week High/Low)
Pichle 1 saal (52 weeks) ke dauran kisi stock ka highest aur lowest trading price point.
Yield to Maturity (YTM)
Bond ko maturity date tak hold karne par milne wala total expected rate of return.
FAQs about Stock Market Dictionary
What is a Demat Account and why is it required?
A Demat (Dematerialized) Account holds your shares and financial securities in an electronic format. It is mandatory in India for buying, holding, and selling stocks on exchanges like the NSE and BSE.
What is Open Interest (OI) in Futures and Options trading?
Open Interest represents the total number of outstanding derivative contracts (Futures and Options) that have been created but not yet settled or closed by traders.
What is the difference between Nifty 50 and Sensex?
Nifty 50 is the benchmark index of the National Stock Exchange (NSE) representing top 50 large-cap companies. Sensex is the benchmark index of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) representing top 30 large-cap companies.
What is Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)?
A Systematic Investment Plan (SIP) is an investment method offered by mutual funds that allows individuals to invest a fixed amount of money at regular intervals (monthly or quarterly) instead of a lump sum.
What is Short Selling in stock trading?
Short selling is a trading strategy where an investor borrows shares and sells them in the market, expecting the price to fall, so they can buy them back at a lower price and profit from the difference.